Battle of Fort Necessity in the French and Indian War

In the spring of 1754, Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie dispatched a construction party to the Forks of the Ohio (present-day Pittsburgh, PA) with the goal of building a fort to assert British claims to the area. To support the effort, he later sent 159 militia, under Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, to join the building team. While Dinwiddie instructed Washington to remain on the defensive, he indicated that any attempt to interfere with the construction work was to be prevented. Marching north, Washington found that the workers had been driven away from the forks by the French and had retreated south. As the French began constructing Fort Duquesne at the forks, Washington received new orders instructing him to commence building a road north from Wills Creek. Obeying his orders, Washingtons men proceeded to Wills Creek (present-day Cumberland, MD) and began work. By May 14, 1754, they reached a large, marshy clearing known as the Great Meadows. Establishing a base camp in the meadows, Washington began exploring the area while waiting for reinforcements. Three days later, he was alerted to the approach of a French scouting party. Assessing the situation, Washington was advised by Half King, a Mingo chief allied to the British, to take a detachment to ambush the French. Armies Commanders British Lieutenant Colonel George WashingtonCaptain James McKay393 men French Captain Louis Coulon de Villiers700 men Battle of Jumonville Glen Agreeing, Washington and approximately 40 of his men marched through the night and foul weather to set the trap. Finding the French camped in a narrow valley, the British surrounded their position and opened fire. The resulting Battle of Jumonville Glen lasted about fifteen minutes and saw Washingtons men kill 10 French soldiers and capture 21, including their commander Ensign Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville. After the battle, as Washington was interrogating Jumonville, Half King walked up and struck the French officer in the head killing him. Building the Fort Anticipating a French counterattack, Washington fell back to Great Meadows and on May 29 ordered his men to begin constructing a log palisade. Placing the fortification in the middle of the meadow, Washington believed the position would provide a clear field of fire for his men. Though trained as a surveyor, Washingtons relative lack of military experience proved critical as the fort was sited in a depression and was too close to the tree lines. Dubbed Fort Necessity, Washingtons men quickly completed work on the fortification.  During this time, Half King attempted to rally Delaware, Shawnee, and Seneca warriors to support the British. On June 9, additional troops from Washingtons Virginia regiment arrived from Wills Creek bringing his total force up to 293 men. Five days later, Captain James McKay arrived with his Independent Company of regular British troops from South Carolina. Shortly after making camp, McKay and Washington entered into a dispute over who should command. While Washington held a superior rank, McKays commission in the British Army took precedence. The two ultimately agreed on an awkward system of joint command. While McKays men remained at Great Meadows, Washingtons continued work on the road north to Gists Plantation. On June 18, Half King reported that his efforts were unsuccessful and no Native American forces would be reinforcing the British position. Battle of Great Meadows Late in the month, word was received that a force of 600 French and 100 Indians had departed Fort Duquesne. Feeling that his position at Gists Plantation was untenable, Washington retreated to Fort Necessity. By July 1, the British garrison had concentrated, and work began on a series of trenches and earthworks around the fort. On July 3, the French, led by Captain Louis Coulon de Villiers, Jumonvilles brother, arrived and quickly surrounded the fort. Taking advantage of Washingtons mistake, they advanced in three columns before occupying the high ground along the tree line which allowed them to fire into the fort. Knowing that his men needed to clear the French from their position, Washington prepared to assault the enemy.   Anticipating this, Villiers attacked first and ordered his men to charge at the British lines.   While the regulars held their position and inflicted losses on the French, the Virginia militia fled into the fort. After breaking Villiers charge, Washington withdrew all of his men back to Fort Necessity. Outraged by his brothers death, which he considered murder, Villiers had his men maintain a heavy fire on the fort through the day. Pinned down, Washingtons men soon ran short of ammunition. To make their situation worse, heavy rain began which made firing difficult. Around 8:00 PM, Villiers sent a messenger to Washington to open surrender negotiations. With his situation hopeless, Washington agreed. Washington and McKay met with Villiers, however, the negotiations went slowly as neither spoke the others language. Finally, one of Washingtons men, who spoke bits of both English and French, was brought forward to serve as an interpreter. Aftermath After several hours of talking, a surrender document was produced. In exchange for surrendering the fort, Washington and McKay were permitted to withdraw back to Wills Creek. One of the clauses of the document stated that Washington was responsible for the assassination of Jumonville. Denying this, he claimed the translation he had been given was not assassination but death of or killing. Regardless, Washingtons admission was used as propaganda by the French. After the British departed on July 4, the French burned the fort and marched to Fort Duquesne. Washington returned to Great Meadows the following year as part of the disastrous Braddock Expedition. Fort Duquesne would remain in French hands until 1758 when the site was captured by General John Forbes.

An Essay on Beowulf Free Essays

Beowulf is a warrior who takes pride in fighting for others and others. Beowulf exhibits multiple characteristics of an epic hero. Beowulf is capable of things that most are not capable of during his time. We will write a custom essay sample on An Essay on Beowulf or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Beowulf is capable of deeds of great strength and courage. Beowulf has the courage and strength to challenge the monster Grendel despite Grendel’s history and tendency to slaughter many warriors. Grendel is a giant monster that is unharmed by human weapons, forcing Beowulf to use nothing but his bare hands. This battle boosts Beowulf’s resume proving that he has great strength and courage since Beowulf took on the challenge that most of the warriors were afraid of. Beowulf’s strength is displayed when he uses bare hands to rip off Grendel’s arm. Beowulf goes underwater to battle with Grendel’s mother with the courage to pass through multiple sea monsters. This demonstrates Beowulf’s courage since he went through what the other warriors were afraid to, knowing that his life could be taken by Grendel’s mother or the sea monsters. Beowulf returns from his home to put an end to the dragon that has been terrorizing the Danes. Beowulf is of old age at this time but arrays great strength and courage by going to the dragon’s home, with the help of only one other warrior, aware that he may not make it out alive. Beowulf’s strength and courage set him apart from the average warriors. Beowulf faces supernatural foes in his battles. Beowulf faces Grendel, but Grendel is unharmed by any ordinary weapons. Beowulf’s approach to fighting Grendel must be different than human battles. Grendel’s supernaturalism is emphasized by the warriors’ swords inability to harm him. Beowulf battles with the supernatural dragon that was terrorizing Hrothgar’s men. The average warriors are not able to tame the dragon. The dragon possessed flames and poison that naturals did not own. Beowulf goes to Grendel’s mother underwater lair to defeat her. Beowulf’s natural sword cannot penetrate her skin since she is a supernatural evil foe. The sword that Beowulf attempts to use would penetrate the skin of an average person, but human weapons fail against Grendel’s mother since she is supernatural. Beowulf partakes in battles and victories against foes with immortal abilities that regular or ordinary warriors cannot handle. Beowulf owns the credibility of a great warrior. Beowulf boasts stating, â€Å"I drove Five great giants into chains, chased All of that race from the earth. I swam in the blackness of night, hunting monsters out of the ocean and killing them one by one† (Lines 151-158). Beowulf has fought many sea monsters in the ocean giving him an accomplishment to support his boasting of ability. Not many, if any, of the warriors could overcome five great giants. Beowulf fought a swimming match with Brecca in the deepest and dangerous seas. Beowulf has the proof behind his boasting since no man could swim and fight off monsters in the seas like him. Beowulf is an established and accomplished warrior before he even fights his biggest battles for Hrothgar. Beowulf possesses characteristics and abilities that define him as an epic hero. Beowulf takes on tasks or challenges that the average warriors do not have the capability of doing. Beowulf solidifies his already impressive resume in his battles in Daneland. How to cite An Essay on Beowulf, Essays

Sugar Is A Concern For Most People When It Comes free essay sample

Good examples of this are ketchup, a single one-cup serving of ketchup contains 40 grams of sugar in it. Also baked been contain 15 games of sugar for every one- cup of sugar. Even a thing like reduced ranch dressing contains 58 grams of sugar per one-cup serving. Some people would read those stats and have a heart attack, but if you have every questioned all the bad publicity gets from todays society and done a little digging and come up with research of their win they would see that sugar is not such a horrible thing.Through cellular respiration cells turn sugars into sucrose which is a storage protein from the cell that takes all the energy from the sugar molecule and holds it until the cell needs it too do some sort of work and its particular job. (Clarke, 2014) Just like everything things are good in moderation, too much sugar can lead to increased body weight clogged arties and a higher risk of diabetes just to name a few. We will write a custom essay sample on Sugar Is A Concern For Most People When It Comes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Overall too much sugar in a diet leads to an unhealthy body.However a good balance is key with almost everything and the same can be said about sugar intake. A lack if sugar intake can leave your body feeling depleted and weak as it is a vital energy source for your cells which must strain much more without this big contributions in most diets. (Helmsmen, 2014) In the experiment a hydrometer is used to determine the amount of sugar in each chosen substance. You would put one of the chosen substances in a graduated cylinder, which you would then put the hydrometer in.

Science vs. Religion free essay sample

The debate between religion and science has been going on for years, clashing together with different ideologies. The argument combines historical and philosophical approaches to contest to each side, battling to disprove each other. While religion is based on faith, using the will of God to guide them in their observations, scientists use experiments to find discoveries based on facts. The conflict between religion and science hasn’t been fiery in modern times, compared to the years where science was inferior to religion, but the topic has still been brought up in discussion. Can someone be both a scientist and a religious person? Although they may both pursue knowledge, there methodologies are completely different, pitting each other into heated discussions. In our past lecture with Brother Guy Consolmagno, he argues that Christianity isn’t completely based on faith in God. The church is also continuously studying the universe, like scientists, trying to learn more about our origins. We will write a custom essay sample on Science vs. Religion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Comparable to science, ideals in the church changes, and aren’t always set in stone. The Bible may be the guide for most religious people, but there are also different interpretations of the Bible that people find to counteract certain claims. Guy uses evidence that the first medieval Church universities started the modern study of astronomy. The university learned: grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music courses, which showed that it was like any other university teaching students for a better career. The university may be Christian based, but it didn’t ignore what science offered them. According to Guy, Jesuits run 25% of all observations in Europe. They helped create the definition of a â€Å"year,† based on our four seasons. Despite the differences between religion and science, Guy believes that we can comingle ideas from both sides to progress our studies of the universe even further. (Consolmagno) One of the topics in The Constant Fire introduces James Clerk Maxwell, one of the great physicists in his time, and his view of religion and science co-existing with each other. Maxwell formulated equations that explained electric and magnetic fields and the unification of these concepts into electromagnetism. Maxwell’s equations and mathematical laws are the reason why we have radio, television, and all electronic technology today; although he constructed scientific laws for his devotion to science, he was also a devout Christian. â€Å"I believe†¦that Man’s chief end is to glorify God and to enjoy him forever. † (Maxwell) He attended church regularly, read scripture before going to sleep at night, and even committed the entire psalms to memory. It showed that his religious belief was unyielding, despite his scientific advances in society. At the same time I think that each individual man should do all he can to impress his own mind with the extent, the order, and unity of the universe, and should carry these ideas with him as he reads [the Bible]. † (Maxwell) Learning about the universe through a different perspective doesn’t waver doubt; instead, it enriches spiritual understanding. Maxwell set an example showing how his experience in science was an aspiring journey to glorify his God. (Frank) The Constant Fire also explains Isaac Newton’s perception of his work towards science contrary to his religious beliefs. Newton asserted himself as a â€Å"priest of nature. † Like any religious person, he believed there was a God of absolute power. Although, he also believed that his work was exploring God’s greatness, making science a way of explaining his creation. â€Å"It is the perfection of God’s works that they are all done with the greatest simplicity. He is the God of order amp; not confusion. † (Newton) Both scientific philosophy and religion were inseparable, as both concepts bounced off each other. Even coming from one of the greatest scientists in the orld, like James Maxell, Newton concluded that there ironically was no warfare between science and religion. (Frank) Science comes from the creativity of an individual making up a new hypothesis. Religion comes from varied interpretations of how they view the spiritual being they worship. We don’t have enough evidence from the universe to commit to a godless path, and we are too knowledgeable enough to pledge to a specific religious ideal. I believe there is such thing as a middle ground: taking the possibility of new ideas and building an equal foundation. I still keep to the constitution of scientific theory composing our world, but I also keep multiple hypotheses in mind. We should be open-minded, and explore the different possibilities of the unfathomable unknowns of our universe. I’m not afraid to ask the lingering question science and religions try to explain.

max weber essays

max weber essays Max Weber has written a book that is very articulate in crediting the rise and success of capitalism to the religious affiliation of those who prospered. These accounts are put forth in, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Weber discusses the Protestant religion specifically, but raises general points that illustrate the effects beliefs have on the social order. Weber speaks of the Protestant Ethic as being a work ethic in which followers of this religion incorporated their religious ideals and values into their own economic lives. The way they ran their business and their attitudes towards gaining wealth and how they would spend it was all derived from the way their religion showed them how to live all aspects of their life. On top of the work ethic there was another quality that Protestants felt to be necessary to be living life the correct way and that was individualism. This individualistic attitude can be understood to create a competitive mindset for those in business. Weber's study has produced thoughts about how we see religion. Weber does not limit religion and its importance strictly to worship, but also how it affected society and the peoples roles in acting upon their beliefs. For Weber, religion also has another function. Weber intends to conclude that religion is a practice that transcends theological devices. When Weber looks at the emergence of capitalism, he looks closely at the all of the cultural aspects of the state that could influence the economic structure. He looked at states that had adopted capitalit traits and also the ones that did not, in order to explore where it rooted. He concluded that states without a strong religion did not develop capitalit qualities. Weber does not define capitalism in this context as one ideal or form of economic strategy, but instead he plays off the idea of attitude. He talks about the work ethics of men who ...

Streptococcus pyogenes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Streptococcus pyogenes - Essay Example Most types need an enriched media (blood agar). They spread through respiratory secretions. In human- beings, Streptococci causing diseases generally occur in the respiratory tract, bloodstream or appear as skin diseases. If it is a respiratory infection, then its habitat would be the pharyngitis or tonsillitis but in case of a skin infection it occurs as pyoderma. Streptococcus Pyogenes creates inflammatory lesions at the portal of its entry which is most often the upper portion of the respiratory tract. At times it infects the lower respiratory tract and causes infections of the sinuses (sinusitis), or lungs (pneumonia) or the middle ear (otitis media), Streptococci are both useful as well as harmful. They are essential and are used as indicators of pollution and in various dairy and industrial processes. But beside its good side, it also has a dangerous side to it. Of all bacterial pathogens that attack humans, streptococcus A causes the most number of diseases. It is harmful and causes many significant diseases among which are – rheumatic heart, impetigo, scarlet fever glomerulonephritis, and pneumococcal pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, periodontal disease and pneumonia. For the past several decades scientists and researchers have focused their attention on two primary species which cause severe infections: They are - S pyogenes (group A streptococci) and S pneumoniae (pneumococci). Streptococcus pyogenes is a common and clinically important human bacterial pathogen causing a wide range of invasive and non-invasive disease, as well as non-suppurative sequelae. (Cunningham, M. W. (2000) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13, 470–511). This bacteria attacks the inner lining of the throat and is highly contagious. Symptoms include severe pain and redness of the throat. The patient experiences swelling within the throat and has difficulty in swallowing. This is accompanied by fever and uneasiness. It is very difficult to diagnose

Possible Turnaround Strategies for the Business Essay

Possible Turnaround Strategies for the Business - Essay Example The paper tells with the understanding that the business operation is based on a quality product as the explanation, increasing the presence of the business in the local market would help to create a good name and a household brand which can be easily sold to outside world. With the brand now famous in the home country, it would be easy even to partner with the international companies and market the products since they would be acting as ambassadors based on the good name built in the local market. However, this would be a wise decision because of the local competition and the possible saturation of the local market. Increase competition or saturation of the local market would make the operation and expansion strategy difficult for the business. According to Audley, the other strategy can through going international at once. This is probably the most efficient way of expanding a local SME to attain international standard. However, this would be a tricky move also very involving. It w ould require proper preparation in terms of capital investment and also in terms of management. Going international for an SME is quite involving but very rewarding in case it is executed accurately. Having seen at the two possible turnaround strategies for the business, let us now look at the requirements that would help in the expansion process. First, it would require a huge amount of capital investment. This is needed in for licenses and business premises. Perhaps the most important thing to understand here is that the owner must first become conversant with the international laws governing international business. This is important in order to understand the terms of payment and transfer of money. The owner of the business needs to establish an account to receive all payments depending on the mode of operation. Having a sound financial backing is of crucial importance before venturing into international business as the business requires huge inputs.